Cocaine metabolites
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Cocaine is an alkaloid of Erythroxylon coca that is grown in the northern South American Andes, India, Africa and Java. It is used medicinally as a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor in nasal surgery and to dilate pupils. Because cocaine is a powerful central nervous system stimulant it is among the most abused drugs. Cocaine abuse can lead to sudden death due to cardiotoxicity or the sequential development of hyperthermia, agitated delirium and respiratory arrest. Cocaine is metabolized in the liver to inactive benzoylecgonine (BZE). BZE is pharmacologically inactive and has a longer half-life than its parent drug cocaine. It is the substance most tested for when investigating suspected cocaine abuse. Cocaethylene (CE) is produced in the liver in the presence of ethanol and has been shown to have similar stimulatory effects as cocaine in animal studies.(Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Seventh Edition) Cocaethylene is toxic to the myocardium.
Cocaine is an alkaloid of Erythroxylon coca that is grown in the northern South American Andes, India, Africa and Java. It is used medicinally as a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor in nasal surgery and to dilate pupils. Because cocaine is a powerful central nervous system stimulant it is among the most abused drugs. Cocaine abuse can lead to sudden death due to cardiotoxicity or the sequential development of hyperthermia, agitated delirium and respiratory arrest. Cocaine is metabolized in the liver to inactive benzoylecgonine (BZE). BZE is pharmacologically inactive and has a longer half-life than its parent drug cocaine. It is the substance most tested for when investigating suspected cocaine abuse. Cocaethylene (CE) is produced in the liver in the presence of ethanol and has been shown to have similar stimulatory effects as cocaine in animal studies.(Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Seventh Edition) Cocaethylene is toxic to the myocardium.
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Purpose of the test
The cocaine screen is a diagnostic test designed to determine if an individual has recently used cocaine. This test can detect the presence of cocaine or its metabolites in various samples, including urine, saliva, blood, hair, or sweat. The primary metabolites of cocaine that the test looks for are benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester, with the former being the most commonly tested.
Who Should Get Tested
Several scenarios might necessitate a cocaine screen. Individuals applying for jobs or insurance policies that require drug testing, those on parole, or those suspected of driving under the influence of drugs might be tested. Additionally, healthcare providers might order the test if they suspect cocaine abuse, if a patient presents in the emergency room with symptoms indicative of drug abuse, or if the patient is at a drug treatment clinic.
Blood Test Preparation Guidelines
Time of day
It is recommended to schedule your appointment for blood tests in the morning hours between 7:00-10:00.
Fasting
It is recommended to fast for approximately 12 hours before blood sampling. The last meal of the previous day should ideally be consumed around 6:00 p.m. On the day before the test, avoid heavy and fatty meals as well as alcohol.
Stay hydrated
Drinking water prior to testing can help with sample collection.
Other factors
Tests should not be performed after a sleepless night or intense physical activity. It is recommended to avoid exercise and stress immediately before blood collection and to not smoke. A short rest is recommended.
Medications and supplements:
Blood samples should be collected before the morning dose. Some drugs can interfere with test results. Consult with your doctor whether you can delay your dose because of lab tests.
Biotin supplements:
High doses of biotin supplements can affect test results, causing false elevation or reduction. It's recommended to avoid taking biotin for at least 72 hours before blood collection. If you are taking biotin, inform the personnel collecting the blood so that they can provide specific instructions.
Preparing for Urinalysis Test
Buy container
Buy sterile, disposable urine containers from pharmacies.
You can also buy a container from a diagnostic centre but the price will be higher. Container is not included in the price of the tests.
Time of day
Ideally, collect the first urine in the morning after an 8-hour overnight rest or at least 4 hours after the last urination to prevent functional proteinuria.
Mid-stream Sample
Collect the urine mid-stream, not at the beginning or end of urination, to avoid contamination. The sample volume should be 20 to 100 milliliters, depending on the container's size.
Hygiene
Wash the area around the urethra with warm water, without using any cleaning or disinfecting products.
Fasting
Do not eat or drink for 12 hours before collecting the urine sample. If necessary, you can drink one glass of clean, unflavoured water during this time.
Physical activity
Avoid intense physical activity before providing a urine sample, as it can lead to an increase in protein and ketone levels in urine.
Menstrual period
Women should avoid providing a urine sample during the menstrual period or within two days of its completion, as this can affect the test results due to the presence of red blood cells and epithelial cells in the urine.
Sexual activity
Abstain from sexual activity before providing a urine sample.
Deliver sample
Take the sample(s) to the sampling point on the same day. Storage: Keep the samples at refrigerated temperature (+2...+8°C) until they are taken to the sampling point.
Interpreting Test Results
The results of a cocaine screen are typically reported as either positive (indicating the presence of cocaine or its metabolites) or negative (no evidence of cocaine in the body). The exact interpretation depends on the cutoff number, which indicates the concentration of the substance in the sample. It's important to note that rapid screening tests, while quick, are not as accurate as lab tests. Therefore, positive results from rapid tests should always be confirmed in a lab for accuracy.
AI-Powered Insights and Expert Validation
Advanced AI Interpretation
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While our AI provides deep analytical insights, the human touch remains indispensable. Every AI-generated interpretation is meticulously reviewed by experienced medical professionals, ensuring a harmonious blend of advanced technology and expert clinical judgment. This dual-layer approach guarantees that the insights provided are not only technologically sophisticated but also clinically relevant. Our medical experts ensure that the AI's interpretations align with current medical standards and practices, adding a layer of validation that only seasoned healthcare professionals can provide. This process reinforces the reliability of the test results, offering peace of mind to both patients and healthcare providers.
Language Model and Trusted Sources
At the core of Diagu's AI system is an advanced language model, engineered to transform complex medical data into clear, comprehensible, and informative descriptions. This model is adept at articulating detailed test analyses in a way that is accessible to both healthcare professionals and patients. The model's development involved the meticulous processing of high-quality sources, including reputable medical websites, renowned medical textbooks, and peer-reviewed research papers. This ensures that the language used in test descriptions is not only accurate and informative but also up-to-date with the latest medical findings and trends. By leveraging this rich tapestry of trusted sources, our AI system provides a deeper understanding of each test, fostering informed decision-making and enhanced patient care.
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