Increased Bowel Movements During First Trimester: What to Expect When Pooping a Lot During Pregnancy

Written by: Tomasz Sadowski

tl:dr

Bowel changes in the first trimester — constipation, looser stools, or diarrhea — can happen, but their causes and management are often misunderstood:

• Constipation is the more typical hormonal bowel change in pregnancy; progesterone relaxes smooth muscle in the gut, slowing motility (S1)(S2).
• Diarrhea in early pregnancy is usually caused by the same things that cause it outside pregnancy — infections, food poisoning, dietary changes, or stress — not directly by pregnancy hormones (S2)(S4).
• First-line management is conservative: stay hydrated, eat bland foods, and avoid anti-diarrheal medications unless approved by a healthcare provider (S4)(S5).
• Contact a healthcare provider if diarrhea lasts more than 48 hours, is accompanied by blood, fever, severe cramping, or signs of dehydration (S3)(S4)(S5).
• Prenatal vitamins — particularly iron — can alter bowel habits in some people, and switching formulations may help (S1)(S2).

Table of contents

1. Are bowel changes in the first trimester normal?
2. What causes bowel changes in early pregnancy?
3. Is diarrhea in the first trimester caused by pregnancy hormones?
4. How can you safely manage bowel changes in early pregnancy?
5. When should you see a doctor about bowel changes in pregnancy?
6. How can you reduce the risk of bowel problems in the first trimester?
7. Frequently asked questions
8. Sources

Are bowel changes in the first trimester normal?

How common are they?

Bowel-habit changes during pregnancy are common. Both constipation and diarrhea can affect pregnant people, with prevalence estimates suggesting that each affects up to about one-third of women during the course of pregnancy (S2). These changes are not confined to one trimester — they can appear at any point — but many people first notice them in the first trimester, when the body is adjusting to rapidly shifting hormone levels and when dietary habits often change in response to nausea and food aversions.

It is important to distinguish between a change in bowel habits that is uncomfortable but self-limiting and one that signals a problem requiring medical attention. Most first-trimester bowel changes fall into the first category. They are a nuisance, not a danger. But some do need evaluation, and knowing the difference is what this article covers.

Constipation versus diarrhea — which is more typical?

This is a point where popular pregnancy content often gets the emphasis wrong. Constipation is the more classically described bowel change in pregnancy, and it has a well-established hormonal mechanism: progesterone, which rises sharply in early pregnancy, relaxes smooth muscle throughout the body, including the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract (S1)(S2). This relaxation slows the movement of food and waste through the intestines — a process called gut motility — leading to harder, less frequent stools, bloating, and the sensation of incomplete evacuation.

Diarrhea, by contrast, is not the typical hormonal bowel change. It does occur in pregnancy, but clinical reviews have consistently found that pregnancy-related diarrhea is more often due to the same factors that cause it outside pregnancy — infections, food poisoning, dietary changes, irritable bowel syndrome flares, medication side effects — than to a direct hormonal effect on the gut (S2)(S4). This distinction matters because it changes how you think about management: if diarrhea in the first trimester is not primarily hormonal, then the solution is not to wait for hormone levels to stabilise but to identify and address the actual cause.

What causes bowel changes in early pregnancy?

Progesterone and gut motility

Progesterone is the dominant hormonal influence on bowel function in pregnancy, and its effect is straightforward: it slows things down (S1)(S2). Progesterone levels begin rising as soon as the corpus luteum forms after ovulation and continue to climb throughout the first trimester, eventually being produced primarily by the placenta. Its smooth-muscle-relaxing effect is essential for maintaining the pregnancy — it prevents uterine contractions — but it also affects every other smooth-muscle-containing organ, including the stomach, intestines, and lower oesophageal sphincter.

The result, for the gut, is reduced motility. Food moves more slowly through the intestines, allowing more water to be absorbed from the stool, which makes it harder and drier. This is why constipation, not diarrhea, is the bowel change most clearly tied to pregnancy hormones (S1)(S2). Many people experience this as early as the first few weeks of pregnancy, often before they even know they are pregnant.

Progesterone's effect on the lower oesophageal sphincter also contributes to the heartburn and reflux that are common in pregnancy — a separate but related GI symptom caused by the same hormonal mechanism.

The role of hCG, estrogen, and nausea

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is the hormone most closely associated with early-pregnancy symptoms like nausea and vomiting. It rises rapidly in the first trimester, peaking at roughly 8–11 weeks, and its levels correlate with the severity of nausea and vomiting in many (though not all) individuals. The association between hCG and gastrointestinal symptoms is real, but it is primarily through nausea rather than through a direct effect on bowel motility (S2).

Some pregnancy-health content claims that hCG "significantly impacts gastrointestinal function" in ways that cause diarrhea. The clinical evidence does not support this as a primary mechanism. hCG is linked to nausea and vomiting — sometimes severe enough to cause hyperemesis gravidarum — and the dietary disruptions that follow (eating less, eating irregularly, avoiding certain foods, drinking less water) can secondarily affect bowel patterns. But the hormone itself is not clearly established as a direct driver of increased stool frequency or looseness (S2).

Estrogen levels also rise dramatically in early pregnancy and play important roles in circulation, uterine blood flow, and placental development. Some newer research has explored estrogen's potential influence on the gut microbiome and intestinal transit time, but this area is not yet clinically established — it remains a possible association rather than a proven mechanism (S2). For YMYL purposes, estrogen should not be cited as a cause of first-trimester diarrhea.

Dietary changes and prenatal vitamins

The dietary upheaval of the first trimester is substantial and often underestimated as a cause of bowel changes. Nausea and food aversions can radically alter what, when, and how much a person eats — sometimes within the span of a few days. Switching from a varied diet to a narrower range of "tolerable" foods (often bland carbohydrates, avoiding vegetables, reducing protein intake) changes the fibre and nutrient content of the diet, which directly affects stool consistency and frequency (S1)(S2).

Prenatal vitamins introduce another variable. Iron supplements, in particular, are well known to cause GI side effects — most commonly constipation, but in some people nausea, stomach cramps, or looser stools (S1)(S2). If bowel changes coincide with starting a new prenatal vitamin, the supplement may be the cause. This does not mean the supplement should be stopped without guidance — iron is important in pregnancy — but a different formulation, a lower dose, or taking the supplement with food may resolve the issue. This is a conversation to have with a midwife or doctor, not a decision to make based on a web search.

Infections, food poisoning, and non-pregnancy causes

Diarrhea in the first trimester is most commonly caused by the same things that cause diarrhea at any other time: viral gastroenteritis (stomach bugs), bacterial food poisoning, parasitic infections, or contaminated water (S2)(S4). Pregnancy does not make a person immune to norovirus, Salmonella, Campylobacter, E. coli, or any of the other pathogens that cause acute diarrhea in the general population.

In fact, certain food-safety risks are heightened in pregnancy. Listeria monocytogenes, for example, poses particular risks to pregnant individuals and the developing fetus, and it is found in unpasteurised dairy products, ready-to-eat deli meats, and some soft cheeses. Food poisoning from any source during pregnancy should be taken seriously — not because diarrhea itself harms the pregnancy in most cases, but because severe dehydration, high fever, and certain specific infections can affect both parent and baby (S3)(S4).

Viral gastroenteritis — commonly called a "stomach bug" or "tummy bug" — is one of the most frequent causes of acute diarrhea in the general population, and pregnancy does not confer any protection against it. Norovirus, in particular, spreads easily through close contact and contaminated surfaces. It typically causes a combination of diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, and stomach cramps that lasts 1–3 days. The illness itself is unlikely to harm the baby directly, but the combination of vomiting and diarrhea can lead to significant fluid loss, and the inability to keep food or drink down makes dehydration a real concern (S4). If a stomach bug lasts less than 48 hours and you can maintain fluid intake, it is generally manageable at home with hydration and rest. If it lasts longer, or if you cannot keep fluids down, contact your healthcare provider (S4).

The practical implication is this: if you develop diarrhea in the first trimester, the most likely explanation is not "your hormones are doing this." It is more likely that you ate something that disagreed with you, caught a stomach bug, or are reacting to a new supplement. This reframing is important because it points toward practical solutions (hydration, bland diet, identifying the trigger, seeing a doctor if it doesn't resolve) rather than passive acceptance of a "hormonal symptom."

Stress, anxiety, and functional bowel disorders

Early pregnancy is, for many people, a time of heightened anxiety — whether about the pregnancy itself, the physical changes, work, relationships, or the prospect of parenthood. Psychological stress has a well-documented effect on gut function, mediated through the gut-brain axis. It can increase gut motility, trigger IBS flares, and cause episodes of diarrhea or urgency (S1).

People who have a pre-existing functional bowel disorder such as irritable bowel syndrome may notice that their symptoms change during pregnancy — sometimes improving, sometimes worsening, and sometimes simply shifting character. The hormonal, dietary, and emotional changes of the first trimester can all influence IBS symptoms, making it difficult to disentangle which factor is driving which symptom (S1)(S2). If you have a pre-existing bowel condition, it is worth discussing this with your healthcare provider early in pregnancy so that your management plan can be adapted (S4).

Is diarrhea in the first trimester caused by pregnancy hormones?

What the clinical evidence actually says

Clinical reviews of gastrointestinal complications in pregnancy have consistently found that constipation is the bowel change most directly attributable to the hormonal environment of pregnancy, driven by progesterone's smooth-muscle-relaxing effect (S1)(S2). Diarrhea is acknowledged as occurring in pregnancy, but it is generally attributed to the same causes responsible in non-pregnant individuals: infections, food poisoning, IBS, dietary changes, medication side effects, and stress (S2).

There is no well-established mechanism by which pregnancy hormones directly increase stool frequency or cause loose stools. The clinical literature treats diarrhea in pregnancy as a symptom requiring the same diagnostic approach as diarrhea outside pregnancy — history-taking to identify the cause, evaluation for infection if indicated, and assessment for dehydration and nutritional impact — rather than as a predictable hormonal side effect (S1)(S2)(S3).

Why the "hormones cause diarrhea" narrative is misleading

Much of the popular pregnancy content on the internet frames first-trimester diarrhea as a normal hormonal symptom — sometimes even calling it "one of the first signs of pregnancy." This narrative is not well supported by the clinical evidence and carries a real risk: it encourages people to dismiss diarrhea as "just hormones" when it may actually be caused by an infection, food poisoning, or another condition that needs attention (S2)(S4).

The safer and more accurate framing is this: bowel changes in the first trimester are common, and they can include both constipation and diarrhea. Constipation has a clear hormonal driver. Diarrhea usually has a different cause — one that may be identifiable and treatable. If you have diarrhea in early pregnancy, it is worth thinking about what might have triggered it rather than assuming it is a normal part of being pregnant.

This distinction also matters for management. If diarrhea were purely hormonal, you would expect it to resolve on its own as the body adjusts. If it is caused by an infection or a dietary trigger, it may need specific treatment — or at least different self-care than what you would do for a hormonal symptom.

How can you safely manage bowel changes in early pregnancy?

Hydration — the first priority

Regardless of whether you are dealing with diarrhea, constipation, or alternating between the two, hydration is the most important element of management in early pregnancy (S4)(S5). Diarrhea causes fluid loss, and even mild dehydration can worsen nausea, fatigue, and headaches — symptoms that are already common in the first trimester. Constipation is also worsened by inadequate fluid intake, because the colon absorbs more water from stool when the body is under-hydrated.

Water is the primary fluid. Clear broths and soups provide both fluid and electrolytes. Oral rehydration solutions — available over the counter — can be useful if diarrhea is producing significant fluid loss (S5). Sports drinks are sometimes suggested but tend to be high in sugar, which can worsen diarrhea in some people. Diluting them or choosing low-sugar versions is a pragmatic compromise.

Avoid caffeine during episodes of diarrhea — it can stimulate gut motility and worsen fluid loss (S5). Dairy products may also be poorly tolerated during acute diarrhea, even in people who normally digest them well, because temporary lactose intolerance can develop during a gut infection.

How much is enough? The often-quoted "eight glasses a day" is a rough guide, but the real answer is: drink enough that your urine is pale yellow and you are urinating at a normal frequency. If your urine is dark, concentrated, and infrequent, you are not drinking enough — and during pregnancy, this deserves attention sooner rather than later (S5).

Dietary management — the bland-diet approach

When diarrhea is active, the goal is to reduce GI irritation while maintaining adequate nutrition. The traditional bland-diet approach — often summarised as the BRAT diet (bananas, rice, applesauce, toast) — provides well-tolerated, low-residue carbohydrates that are easy to digest and less likely to stimulate further bowel activity (S5).

This is a short-term strategy, not a long-term diet plan. The BRAT foods are low in protein, fat, fibre, and many micronutrients, so they should not be the sole dietary intake for more than a day or two. As symptoms improve, reintroduce other foods gradually — starting with plain cooked vegetables, lean protein, and simple grains — until you can return to a varied diet (S5).

During acute diarrhea, it helps to avoid foods that can make things worse: high-fat foods, fried foods, very spicy foods, high-sugar foods and drinks, and raw vegetables, which can be harder to digest when the gut is irritated (S5). Eating small, frequent meals rather than three large ones can also reduce the load on the digestive system and help maintain more stable blood sugar — useful when nausea is also an issue.

For constipation, the dietary approach is different: increasing fibre intake (from fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes) and ensuring adequate fluid intake are the primary strategies. Soluble fibre — found in oats, bananas, apples, and beans — can help normalise stool consistency in both directions, making it a reasonable inclusion once acute diarrhea has resolved (S1).

Insoluble fibre — found in wholemeal bread, bran, and the skins of many fruits and vegetables — adds bulk to the stool and can help move things along more quickly through the colon. For constipation in pregnancy, a combination of soluble and insoluble fibre, together with adequate fluid, is the standard conservative approach before any medication is considered (S1)(S2).

A word of caution: increasing fibre intake too rapidly can cause bloating, gas, and abdominal discomfort — symptoms that are already common in the first trimester thanks to progesterone's effect on the gut (S1). The practical approach is to increase fibre gradually over a week or two, not all at once, and to match each increase with additional fluid.

For people who alternate between constipation and diarrhea — a pattern that can occur in IBS and can be exacerbated by the hormonal, dietary, and emotional changes of early pregnancy — soluble fibre is generally the safer choice, as it is less likely to cause either extreme (S1).

Fibre, small meals, and practical eating strategies

The first trimester is often a time when ideal dietary advice collides with the reality of nausea, food aversions, and fatigue. Telling someone to "eat a varied, fibre-rich diet" is not helpful if the sight of a vegetable triggers a wave of nausea. Practical strategies are more useful than ideal prescriptions.

If you can tolerate oats, they provide soluble fibre and are often bland enough to be manageable even during nausea (S1). If toast is one of the few things you can stomach, choosing wholemeal bread adds some fibre without dramatically changing the flavour or texture. If fruits are tolerable, bananas and apples are gentle on the gut and provide both fibre and potassium (S5).

The key principle is to eat what you can, when you can, in quantities your stomach will accept — and to prioritise hydration when eating feels difficult. Perfection is not the goal during the first trimester; adequacy is. If your bowel changes are making it hard to eat or drink enough to maintain basic nutrition and hydration, that is a reason to contact your healthcare provider (S3).

What about probiotics?

Probiotics are sometimes recommended for pregnancy-related bowel changes, and they are mentioned in some patient-education materials as a possible adjunct for digestive comfort. The evidence for probiotics specifically for pregnancy diarrhea is limited, and they are not a standard first-line treatment (S1). They are generally considered safe in pregnancy, but "generally safe" is not the same as "evidence-based effective."

If you are considering a probiotic, discuss it with your healthcare provider first. This is partly to ensure the product is appropriate and partly because persistent digestive symptoms may need evaluation rather than supplementation. A probiotic is not a substitute for identifying why you have diarrhea.

Medications — what is and isn't safe

Anti-diarrheal medications such as loperamide (sold as Imodium) are not routinely recommended in pregnancy (S4). The safety data are limited, and the precautionary principle applies: in the absence of clear evidence that a medication is safe for the developing fetus, conservative non-pharmacological management is preferred (S4).

This does not mean that all medication is off-limits. If your symptoms are severe enough to require medical treatment, a healthcare provider can assess the risks and benefits and prescribe appropriately. Oral rehydration therapy is safe. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is generally considered safe for mild fever or discomfort accompanying a stomach bug, though it should be used at the lowest effective dose.

The critical point is: do not self-treat with over-the-counter anti-diarrheal or anti-nausea medications during pregnancy without speaking to your doctor, midwife, or pharmacist first (S4). What is safe outside pregnancy may not be safe within it, and the first trimester — when organogenesis is occurring — is the period of greatest caution.

It is also worth being aware that some medications prescribed for first-trimester nausea can themselves affect bowel habits. Ondansetron (Zofran), for example, is sometimes prescribed for severe nausea and can cause constipation as a side effect. If you are taking an anti-nausea medication and notice bowel changes, mention this to your prescribing provider — the solution may be as simple as adjusting the dose or adding dietary fibre, rather than adding another medication on top (S3).

When should you see a doctor about bowel changes in pregnancy?

Warning signs that need prompt evaluation

Most episodes of diarrhea in early pregnancy are self-limiting and resolve within a day or two with hydration and a bland diet. However, certain features should prompt you to contact your healthcare provider without waiting (S3)(S4)(S5):

Diarrhea lasting more than 48 hours without improvement. Blood or mucus in the stool. A fever above 38°C (100.4°F). Severe abdominal pain or cramping — not just the mild discomfort that accompanies a stomach upset, but pain that is sharp, localised, or worsening. Yellow or green fluid that suggests bile or infection. Any symptoms that interfere with your ability to eat or drink enough to stay hydrated (S3)(S4).

If you have a pre-existing bowel condition such as IBS or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), speak to your healthcare team early in pregnancy so they can adjust your management plan (S4). What was a minor flare outside pregnancy may need different handling during it.

Signs of dehydration

Dehydration is the main medical risk of prolonged diarrhea in pregnancy, and it is the reason why hydration is emphasised so heavily in management advice. Recognising the signs early allows you to act before the situation becomes serious (S5).

Mild dehydration may present as: thirst, dry mouth, slightly darker urine than usual, mild headache, or fatigue beyond what you would normally expect in the first trimester.

More significant dehydration produces: dizziness or light-headedness (especially when standing), reduced urine output (going many hours without needing to urinate), very dark or concentrated urine, dry lips and skin, or a rapid heartbeat (S5).

If you are unable to keep fluids down — for example, if you are vomiting as well as having diarrhea — the risk of dehydration increases rapidly. In this situation, do not wait to see if things improve; contact your healthcare provider or attend an urgent-care facility. Intravenous fluid replacement may be needed (S3)(S4).

When diarrhea could signal something more serious

In the overwhelming majority of cases, diarrhea in the first trimester is a short-lived, benign event caused by a stomach bug, dietary trigger, or medication side effect. However, the evaluation framework used by healthcare providers is designed to catch the minority of cases where the cause is more serious (S3).

Persistent or severe diarrhea can signal an infection that requires specific treatment — for example, a bacterial infection treatable with antibiotics, or a parasitic infection requiring targeted therapy (S3). In rare cases, severe or bloody diarrhea can indicate a more significant gastrointestinal condition that may need endoscopic evaluation. These scenarios are uncommon, but they are the reason why the "when to see a doctor" thresholds exist: not because every episode of diarrhea in pregnancy is dangerous, but because the small minority that are serious need to be identified promptly (S3).

It is also worth noting that the threshold for contacting a healthcare provider during pregnancy is — and should be — lower than outside pregnancy. What might be a "wait and see" situation for a non-pregnant person may warrant a phone call to a midwife or GP when you are pregnant, simply because the stakes of missing a treatable problem are higher and the reassurance value of a professional opinion is greater. Healthcare providers who work with pregnant patients expect these calls and would rather hear from you early than late (S3)(S4).

If you are unsure whether your symptoms warrant a call, a useful rule of thumb is: if the diarrhea is disrupting your ability to eat or drink adequately, or if you have any of the red-flag symptoms listed above, contact your provider. If it is mild, self-limiting, and you are managing to stay hydrated, self-care for 24–48 hours with monitoring is reasonable — but if you have any doubt, calling for advice is always appropriate (S4)(S5).

How can you reduce the risk of bowel problems in the first trimester?

Food safety in pregnancy

Because infections and food poisoning are among the most common causes of diarrhea in pregnancy, food safety is a directly relevant preventive measure (S4). The principles are straightforward but worth restating:

Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water before preparing food, before eating, and after using the toilet (S4). Cook meat, poultry, and eggs thoroughly. Avoid unpasteurised dairy products, soft cheeses made from unpasteurised milk, and ready-to-eat deli meats unless heated until steaming — these are the primary sources of Listeria, which poses particular risks in pregnancy (S4). Wash raw fruits and vegetables before eating. Refrigerate perishable foods promptly and do not eat food that has been left at room temperature for extended periods.

These are standard food-safety practices, but they are especially important in pregnancy because the consequences of certain foodborne infections — particularly Listeria and Toxoplasma — extend beyond digestive discomfort to potential harm to the developing fetus (S4).

Managing prenatal-vitamin side effects

If you suspect that your prenatal vitamin is contributing to bowel changes, do not stop taking it without speaking to your healthcare provider — the nutrients it provides (folic acid, iron, DHA, and others) are important for fetal development (S1)(S2). Instead, discuss the following options:

Switching to a different formulation — some are gentler on the stomach than others. Taking the vitamin with food rather than on an empty stomach, which can reduce GI irritation. Splitting the dose — for example, taking half in the morning and half in the evening — if your provider advises this. Trying a slow-release iron preparation, which may cause fewer GI side effects than standard forms.

The goal is to find a way to get the nutrients you need without the digestive disruption, not to choose between the two.

Lifestyle and routine

Maintaining a consistent eating schedule, staying hydrated, managing stress, and getting regular gentle physical activity (such as walking) can all support healthy bowel function during the first trimester (S1). None of these are guaranteed to prevent bowel changes — the hormonal shifts of early pregnancy will have their effect regardless — but they reduce the number of additional, modifiable triggers that can compound the problem.

If you have a history of IBS or other functional bowel disorders, continuing or adapting your pre-pregnancy management strategies (dietary modifications, stress-management techniques, and — with medical guidance — any medications that are safe in pregnancy) is the most practical approach (S1)(S4).

Frequently asked questions

Is diarrhea a sign of pregnancy?

Diarrhea is not a reliable sign of pregnancy. While bowel changes can occur in early pregnancy, constipation is the more typical hormonal effect (S1)(S2). Diarrhea in the first trimester is more often caused by infections, dietary changes, or medication side effects than by pregnancy hormones directly (S2)(S4).

Can prenatal vitamins cause diarrhea?

Some people report digestive changes — including looser stools or nausea — after starting prenatal vitamins, particularly those containing iron (S1)(S2). If this happens, speak to your healthcare provider about switching to a different formulation or taking the supplement with food, rather than stopping it without guidance.

When should I worry about diarrhea in pregnancy?

Contact your healthcare provider if diarrhea lasts more than 48 hours, or if it is accompanied by blood in the stool, high fever, severe abdominal pain, or signs of dehydration such as dizziness, dark urine, or reduced urination (S3)(S4)(S5). Do not wait if symptoms are severe.

Can I take Imodium while pregnant?

Anti-diarrheal medications like loperamide (Imodium) are not routinely recommended in pregnancy and should only be used with explicit approval from a healthcare provider (S4). Conservative management — hydration and a bland diet — is the preferred first-line approach.

Is constipation or diarrhea more common in the first trimester?

Constipation is more commonly linked to pregnancy hormones — specifically, progesterone's effect on slowing gut motility (S1)(S2). Diarrhea can occur but is more often caused by infections, dietary changes, stress, or medication side effects rather than by pregnancy hormones directly (S2)(S4).

Sources

1. [S1] West LR, Warren J, Cutts T. "Diagnosis and management of irritable bowel syndrome, constipation, and diarrhea in pregnancy." Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, 1992;21(4):793–802. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1478735/. Published 1992 — foundational clinical review, widely cited.
2. [S2] Bonapace ES Jr, Fisher RS. "Constipation and diarrhea in pregnancy." Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, 1998;27(1):197–211. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9546090/. Published 1998 — comprehensive review of GI symptoms in pregnancy.
3. [S3] AAFP. "The Pregnant Patient: Managing Common Acute Medical Problems." American Family Physician, 2018;98(9):595–602. https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/1101/p595.html.
4. [S4] Tommy's. "Diarrhoea and vomiting in pregnancy." 2023-02-20. https://www.tommys.org/pregnancy-information/pregnancy-symptom-checker/diarrhoea-and-vomiting-pregnancy.
5. [S5] American Pregnancy Association. "Diarrhea During Pregnancy." 2021-07-26. https://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy/diarrhea-in-pregnancy/.